Optimized network node selection

ABSTRACT

A device receives Internet protocol (IP) addresses and metrics associated with network nodes of a network, and stores the IP addresses and the metrics in a route table. The device receives, from a user equipment, a request to connect to the network, and determines a particular network node, of the network nodes, to which to forward a communication session of the user equipment, based on the request and based on the metrics stored in the route table. The device forwards the communication session of the user equipment to the particular network node, and the particular network node enables the user equipment to connect to the network.

BACKGROUND

As wireless network data rates improve using third generation (3G),fourth generation (4G), and WiFi technologies, more and morebandwidth-intensive applications are being developed. A 4G wirelessnetwork is an all Internet protocol (IP) wireless network in whichdifferent advanced multimedia application services (e.g., voice over IP(VoIP) content, video content, etc.) are delivered over IP. 4G wirelessnetworks include a radio access network (e.g., a long term evolution(LTE) network or an enhanced high rate packet data (eHRPD) network) anda wireless core network (e.g., referred to as an evolved packet core(EPC) network). The LTE network is often called an evolved universalterrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). The EPC network is an all-IPpacket-switched core network that supports high-speed wireless andwireline broadband access technologies. An evolved packet system (EPS)is defined to include the LTE (or eHRPD) network and the EPC network.

A typical LTE network includes an eNodeB (eNB), a mobility managemententity (MME), a serving gateway (SGW), and a packet data network (PDN)gateway (PGW). The current method for selecting a MME, SGW, and PGW fora particular eNB includes hard coding associations based on trackingarea codes (TACs) assigned by wireless operators across all geographiesand based on access point name (APN).

User equipment (UE) may connect to an appropriate eNB in a LTE networkbased on signal strength. The eNB forwards a request to the MME toselect a SGW and a PGW, as well as a backup SGW and a backup PGW, basedon querying a domain name system (DNS) that is manually configured withstatic mappings. The static mappings associate a TAC to the SGW and theMME, and associate an APN to the PGW. The MME obtains the TAC and theAPN from a UE attach message, and uses this information to query theDNS. A minimum of two DNS queries must be performed. The first queryobtains name authority pointer (NAPTR) records of correct SGWs, and thesecond query obtains the associated IP addresses of the SGWs. If anychanges occur, these DNS entries must be manually configured andupdated, which causes latency and load conditions on the DNS. The MMEmay select a SGW from a list of SGWs returned by the DNS queries.

Once the SGW is selected, the MME may perform DNS queries to obtain alist of PGWs from which to select based on the APN in the UE attachmessage. Once the MME selects one of the PGWs from the list, the MME mayperform DNS queries to obtain an IP address of the selected PGW.Selection of the PGW causes latencies due to the multiple DNS messagesand responses, and causes processing load on the MME and the DNS.

After the SGW and the PGW are selected, the SGW and the PGW may beginprocessing bearer data traffic. If the SGW or the PGW fails whileprocessing bearer data traffic, the only way for the MME to obtainknowledge of the failure is via timeouts that may be thirty seconds ormore. This outage time may not be acceptable in many wireless operatornetworks, such as LTE networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example network in which systems and/ormethods described herein may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of example components of a device that maycorrespond to one of the devices of the network depicted in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of a network device depictedin FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of example MME selection operations capable of beingperformed by an example portion of the network in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of example SGW selection operations capable of beingperformed by another example portion of the network in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of example PGW selection operations capable of beingperformed by still another example portion of the network in FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example deployment scenario according to animplementation described herein;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of example MME metric computations capable of beingperformed by a further example portion of the network in FIG. 1; and

FIGS. 9-11 are flow charts of an example process for performingoptimized network node selection according to an implementationdescribed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the sameor similar elements.

Systems and/or methods described herein may provide for optimizedselection of network nodes, such as LTE network nodes (e.g., a MME, aSGW, a PGW, etc.), using an integrated control and data plane approach.The systems and/or methods may leverage features in routing protocols,such as the open shortest path first (OSPF) protocol, the intermediatesystem to intermediate system (IS-IS) protocol, and the enhancedinterior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP), that perform longest prefixmatching and metrics to select optimal routes. Furthermore, the systemsand/or methods may eliminate long latencies in the event of network nodefailures, may eliminate unequal load on network nodes, and may eliminatecomplex mappings and manual configurations. The systems and/or methodsmay automatically load balance among a pool of network nodes byincorporating factors related to load in routing metrics.

In one example implementation, the systems and/or methods may receive arequest to connect to a network from a UE, and may receive advertised IPaddresses and metrics of network nodes. The systems and/or methods maystore the advertised IP addresses and the metrics in a route table, andmay determine a particular network node to which to forward acommunication session of the UE based on the metrics provided in theroute table. The systems and/or methods may route the communicationsession of the UE to the particular network node, and the particularnetwork node may enable the UE to connect to the network.

The term “metric,” as used herein, is intended to be broadly construedto include a value that provides a network with an aggregated computedcost to reach a destination network node at a particular point in time.The computation of a metric may be configurable, and may be a measure ofa load on the destination network node in terms of processor or memoryload, congestion of a path to reach the destination network node, etc.At any point in time, network traffic may be forwarded to an optimaldestination network node associated with a lowest metric value.

As used herein, the terms “subscriber” and/or “user” may be usedinterchangeably. Also, the terms “subscriber” and/or “user” are intendedto be broadly interpreted to include a UE, or a user of a UE.

The term “component,” as used herein, is intended to be broadlyconstrued to include hardware (e.g., a processor, a microprocessor, anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmablegate array (FPGA), a chip, a memory device (e.g., a read only memory(ROM), a random access memory (RAM), etc.), etc.) or a combination ofhardware and software (e.g., a processor, microprocessor, ASIC, etc.executing software contained in a memory device).

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example network 100 in which systems and/ormethods described herein may be implemented. As illustrated, network 100may include a UE 110, an eNB 120, and a network 130 that includesmultiple network devices 140-1 through 140-4 (collectively referred toherein as “network devices 140,” and, in some instances, singularly as“network device 140”), a MME 150, a PGW 160, and a SGW 170. Devicesand/or networks of network 100 may interconnect via wired and/orwireless connections. For example, UE 110 may wirelessly interconnectwith eNB 120. One UE 110, one eNB 120, one network 130, four networkdevices 140, one MME 150, one PGW 160, and one SGW 170 have beenillustrated in FIG. 1 for simplicity. In practice, there may be more UEs110, eNBs 120, networks 130, network devices 140, MMEs 150, PGWs 160,and/or SGWs 170 than depicted in FIG. 1.

UE 110 may include a radiotelephone; a personal communications system(PCS) terminal that may combine, for example, a cellular radiotelephonewith data processing and data communications capabilities; a smartphone; a personal digital assistant (PDA) that can include aradiotelephone, a pager, Internet/intranet access, etc.; a laptopcomputer; a tablet computer; or other types of computation and/orcommunication devices. In one example, UE 110 may include a device thatis capable of communicating with network 130 via eNB 120.

eNB 120 may include one or more computation and/or communication devicesthat receive information (e.g., routing information, traffic, etc.) fromnetwork 130 and wirelessly transmit that information to UE 110. eNB 120may also include one or more devices that wirelessly receive information(e.g., connection requests, traffic, etc.) from UE 110 and transmit thatinformation to network 130 and/or to other UEs 110. eNB 120 may combinethe functionalities of a base station and a radio network controller(RNC) in second generation (2G) or third generation (3G) radio accessnetworks.

Network 130 may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network, such asthe Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), an intranet, the Internet,an optical fiber (or fiber optic)-based network, or a combination ofnetworks. In one example implementation, network 130 may include LTEnetwork nodes, such as MME 150, PGW 160, SGW 170, etc.

Network device 140 may include one or more traffic transfer devices,such as a gateway, a router, a switch, a firewall, a network interfacecard (NIC), a hub, a bridge, a proxy server, an optical add-dropmultiplexer (OADM), or some other type of device that processes and/ortransfers traffic. In one example implementation, network device 140 mayprovide for optimized selection of network nodes, such as MME 150, PGW160, SGW 170, etc., using an integrated control and data plane approach.Network device 140 may leverage features in routing protocols, such asthe OSPF protocol, the IS-IS protocol, and the EIGRP, that performlongest prefix matching and metrics to select optimal routes. Networkdevice 140 may eliminate long latencies in the event of network nodefailures, may eliminate unequal load on network nodes, and may eliminatecomplex mappings and manual configurations. Network device 140 mayautomatically load balance among a pool of network nodes byincorporating factors related to load in routing metrics.

MME 150 may include one or more computation and/or communication devicesthat may be responsible for idle mode tracking and paging procedures(e.g., including retransmissions) for UE 110. MME 150 may be involved ina bearer activation/deactivation process (e.g., for UE 110) and maychoose a SGW for UE 110 at an initial attach and at a time ofintra-network handover. MME 150 may authenticate UE 110, and non-accessstratum (NAS) signaling may terminate at MME 150. MME 150 may generateand allocate temporary identities to UE 110. MME 150 may checkauthorization of UE 110 to camp on a service provider's Public LandMobile Network (PLMN) and may enforce roaming restrictions for UE 110.MME 150 may be a termination point for ciphering/integrity protectionfor NAS signaling and may handle security key management. MME 150 mayprovide a control plane function for mobility between core and accessnetworks.

PGW 160 may include one or more traffic transfer devices, such as agateway, a router, a switch, a firewall, a NIC, a hub, a bridge, a proxyserver, an OADM, or some other type of device that processes and/ortransfers traffic. In one example implementation, PGW 160 may provideconnectivity of UE 110 to external PDNs by being a traffic exit/entrypoint for UE 110. UE 110 may simultaneously connect to more than one PGW160 for accessing multiple PDNs. PGW 160 may perform policy enforcement,packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful intercept, andpacket screening.

SGW 170 may include one or more traffic transfer devices, such as agateway, a router, a switch, a firewall, a NIC, a hub, a bridge, a proxyserver, an OADM, or some other type of device that processes and/ortransfers traffic. In one example implementation, SGW 170 may act as amobility anchor for a user plane during inter-eNB handovers. For an idlestate UE 110, SGW 170 may terminate a downlink (DL) data path and maytrigger paging when DL traffic arrives for UE 110. SGW 170 may manageand store contexts associated with UE 110 (e.g., parameters of an IPbearer service, network internal routing information, etc.).

Although FIG. 1 shows example devices/networks of network 100, in otherimplementations, network 100 may include fewer devices/networks,different devices/networks, differently arranged devices/networks, oradditional devices/networks than depicted in FIG. 1. Alternatively, oradditionally, one or more devices/networks of network 100 may performone or more other tasks described as being performed by one or moreother devices/networks of network 100.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of example components of a device 200 that maycorrespond to one or more devices (e.g., UE 110, eNB 120, MME 150, PGW160, and/or SGW 170) of network 100 (FIG. 1). In one exampleimplementation, one or more of the devices of network 100 may includeone or more devices 200 or one or more components of device 200. Asillustrated in FIG. 2, device 200 may include a bus 210, a processingunit 220, a memory 230, an input device 240, an output device 250, and acommunication interface 260.

Bus 210 may permit communication among the components of device 200.Processing unit 220 may include one or more processors ormicroprocessors that interpret and execute instructions. In otherimplementations, processing unit 220 may be implemented as or includeone or more ASICs, FPGAs, or the like.

Memory 230 may include a RAM or another type of dynamic storage devicethat stores information and instructions for execution by processingunit 220, a ROM or another type of static storage device that storesstatic information and instructions for the processing unit 220, and/orsome other type of magnetic or optical recording medium and itscorresponding drive for storing information and/or instructions.

Input device 240 may include a device that permits an operator to inputinformation to device 200, such as a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a pen,a microphone, a touch screen display, one or more biometric mechanisms,and the like. Output device 250 may include a device that outputsinformation to the operator, such as a display, a speaker, etc.

Communication interface 260 may include any transceiver-like mechanismthat enables device 200 to communicate with other devices and/orsystems. For example, communication interface 260 may include mechanismsfor communicating with other devices, such as other devices of network100.

As described herein, device 200 may perform certain operations inresponse to processing unit 220 executing software instructionscontained in a computer-readable medium, such as memory 230. Acomputer-readable medium may be defined as a non-transitory memorydevice. A memory device may include space within a single physicalmemory device or spread across multiple physical memory devices. Thesoftware instructions may be read into memory 230 from anothercomputer-readable medium or from another device via communicationinterface 260. The software instructions contained in memory 230 maycause processing unit 220 to perform processes described herein.Alternatively, or additionally, hardwired circuitry may be used in placeof or in combination with software instructions to implement processesdescribed herein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limitedto any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

Although FIG. 2 shows example components of device 200, in otherimplementations, device 200 may include fewer components, differentcomponents, differently arranged components, or additional componentsthan depicted in FIG. 2. Alternatively, or additionally, one or morecomponents of device 200 may perform one or more other tasks describedas being performed by one or more other components of device 200.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of a device 300 that maycorrespond to network device 140 (FIG. 1). In one exampleimplementation, network device 140 may include one or more devices 300or one or more components of device 300. As shown in FIG. 3, device 300may include input components 310, a switching/routing mechanism 320,output components 330, and a control unit 340.

Input components 310 may be a point of attachment for physical links andmay be a point of entry for incoming traffic, such as packets. Inputcomponents 310 may process incoming traffic, such as by performing datalink layer encapsulation or decapsulation. In an example implementation,input components 310 may send and/or receive packets.

Switching/routing mechanism 320 may interconnect input components 310with output components 330. Switching/routing mechanism 320 may beimplemented using many different techniques. For example,switching/routing mechanism 320 may be implemented via busses, viacrossbars, and/or with shared memories. The shared memories may act astemporary buffers to store traffic from input components 310 before thetraffic is eventually scheduled for delivery to output components 330.

Output components 330 may store packets and may schedule packets forservice on output physical links Output components 330 may includescheduling algorithms that support priorities and guarantees. Outputcomponents 330 may support data link layer encapsulation anddecapsulation, and/or a variety of higher-level protocols. In an exampleimplementation, output components 330 may send packets and/or receivepackets.

Control unit 340 may use routing protocols and one or more forwardingtables for forwarding packets. Control unit 340 may connect with inputcomponents 310, switching/routing mechanism 320, and output components330. Control unit 340 may compute a forwarding table, implement routingprotocols, and/or run software to configure and manage device 300.Control unit 340 may determine routing for any packet whose destinationaddress may not be found in the forwarding table.

In an example implementation, control unit 340 may include a bus 350that may include a path that permits communication among a processor360, a memory 370, and a communication interface 380. Processor 360 mayinclude one or more processors, microprocessors, ASICs, FPGAs, or othertypes of processing units that may interpret and execute instructions.Memory 370 may include a RAM, a ROM device, a magnetic and/or opticalrecording medium and its corresponding drive, and/or another type ofstatic and/or dynamic storage device that may store information andinstructions for execution by processor 360. Memory 370 may alsotemporarily store incoming traffic (e.g., a header of a packet or anentire packet) from input components 310, for processing by processor360, before a packet is directed back to switching/routing mechanism320, transported by switching/routing mechanism 320, and eventuallyscheduled to be sent to output components 330. Communication interface380 may include any transceiver-like mechanism that enables control unit340 to communicate with other devices and/or systems.

As described herein, device 300 may perform certain operations inresponse to processor 360 executing software instructions contained in acomputer-readable medium, such as memory 370. The software instructionsmay be read into memory 370 from another computer-readable medium, suchas a data storage device, or from another device via communicationinterface 380. The software instructions contained in memory 370 maycause processor 360 to perform processes described herein.Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or incombination with software instructions to implement processes describedherein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to anyspecific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

Although FIG. 3 shows example components of device 300, in otherimplementations, device 300 may include fewer components, differentcomponents, differently arranged components, or additional componentsthan depicted in FIG. 3. Alternatively, or additionally, one or morecomponents of device 300 may perform one or more other tasks describedas being performed by one or more other components of device 300.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of example MME selection operations capable of beingperformed by an example portion 400 of network 100 (FIG. 1). As shown,network portion 400 may include UE 110, network devices 140-1 through140-4, a first MME 150-1, a second MME 150-2, a third MME 150-3, PGW160, and SGW 170. UE 110, network devices 140, MMEs 150, PGW 160, andSGW 170 may include the features described above in connection with, forexample, one or more of FIGS. 1-3.

As further shown in FIG. 4, first MME 150-1 may be provided in a firstMME pool 410-1 of multiple MMEs, and may include a physical interface IPaddress 420-1 (e.g., address “192.168.1.0”) established with networkdevice 140-1. Second MME 150-2 may be provided in a second MME pool410-2 of multiple MMEs, and may include a physical interface IP address420-2 (e.g., address “172.1.1.0”) established with network device 140-2.Third MME 150-3 may be provided in a third MME pool 410-3 of multipleMMEs, and may include a physical interface IP address 420-3 (e.g.,address “168.0.0.1”) established with network device 140-3. Physicalinterface IP addresses 420-1, 420-2, and 420-3 may be determined by thenetwork architecture and assigned by a network administrator.

Network device 140-4 may connect with UE 110, via eNB 120 (not shown),and may include a route table 430. Route table 430 may include a networkaddress field, a next hop field, and a metric field. The network addressfield may include entries for loopback IP addresses (e.g., IP addressesdesignated for routing information from an originating device back to asource device without intentional processing or modification) associatedwith MMEs 150. The next hop field may include entries for physicalinterface IP addresses associated with MMEs 150. The metric field mayinclude entries for metrics assigned to MMEs 150 associated with thephysical interface IP addresses identified in the next hop field. Themetrics may be influenced by the loads placed on MMEs 150, distances toMMEs 150, costs of connecting to MMEs 150, etc.

In one example implementation, first MME 150-1, second MME 150-2, andthird MME 150-3 may be assigned a common loopback IP address (e.g.,address “1.1.1.1/32”). As further shown in FIG. 4, first MME 150-1 mayadvertise, via network device 140-1 and to network device 140-4, thecommon loopback IP address, the physical interface IP address, and themetrics of first MME 150-1, as indicated by reference number 440-1.Second MME 150-2 may advertise, via network device 140-2 and to networkdevice 140-4, the common loopback IP address, the physical interface IPaddress, and the metrics of second MME 150-2, as indicated by referencenumber 440-2. Third MME 150-3 may advertise, via network device 140-3and to network device 140-4, the common loopback IP address, thephysical interface IP address, and the metrics of third MME 150-3, asindicated by reference number 440-3. Network device 140-4 may receiveadvertisements 440-1, 440-2, and 440-3, and may populate route table 430with the information included in advertisements 440-1, 440-2, and 440-3.

UE 110 may generate a connection request 450 to connect to network 130(not shown), and may provide connection request 450 to network device140-4. Network device 140-4 may receive connection request 450, and maydetermine an optimal MME 150 to which to route a communication sessionof UE 110 based on connection request 450 and based on the metricsprovided in route table 430. For example, assuming a lower metric valueindicates a more optimal MME 150, network device 140-4 may determinethat MME 150-1 (e.g., associated with the next hop of “192.168.1.1”),which has a metric value of one (1), is the optimal MME 150 to which toroute the communication session of UE 110.

Based on the determination of the optimal MME 150, network device 140-4may route the communication session of UE 110 to MME 150-1, as indicatedby reference number 460. UE 110 may connect to MME 150-1, and MME 150-1may enable UE 110 to connect to network 130 and receive services 470from network 130. In one example, MME 150-1 may serve as a routeddevice, rather than a host node, so that loopback may be achieved.

Although FIG. 4 shows example components of network portion 400, inother implementations, network portion 400 may include fewer components,different components, differently arranged components, or additionalcomponents than depicted in FIG. 4. Additionally, or alternatively, oneor more components of network portion 400 may perform one or more othertasks described as being performed by one or more other components ofnetwork portion 400.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of example SGW selection operations capable of beingperformed by another example portion 500 of network 100 (FIG. 1). Asshown, network portion 500 may include UE 110, network devices 140-1through 140-4, MME 150, PGW 160, a first SGW 170-1, a second SGW 170-2,and a third SGW 170-3. UE 110, network devices 140, MME 150, PGW 160,and SGWs 170 may include the features described above in connectionwith, for example, one or more of FIGS. 1-4.

As further shown in FIG. 5, first SGW 170-1 may be provided in a firstSGW pool 510-1 of multiple SGWs, and may include a physical interface IPaddress 520-1 (e.g., address “192.168.1.0”) established with networkdevice 140-1. Second SGW 170-2 may be provided in a second SGW pool510-2 of multiple SGWs, and may include a physical interface IP address520-2 (e.g., address “172.1.1.0”) established with network device 140-2.Third SGW 170-3 may be provided in a third SGW pool 510-3 of multipleSGWs, and may include a physical interface IP address 520-3 (e.g.,address “168.0.0.1”) established with network device 140-3. Physicalinterface IP addresses 520-1, 520-2, and 520-3 may be determined by thenetwork architecture and assigned by a network administrator.

Network device 140-4 may connect with UE 110, via eNB 120 (not shown),and may include a route table 530. Route table 530 may include a networkaddress field, a next hop field, and a metric field. The network addressfield may include entries for loopback IP addresses associated with SGWs170. The next hop field may include entries for physical interface IPaddresses associated with SGWs 170. The metric field may include entriesfor metrics assigned to SGWs 170 associated with the physical interfaceIP addresses identified in the next hop field. The metrics may beinfluenced by the loads placed on SGWs 170, distances to SGWs 170, costsof connecting to SGWs 170, etc.

In one example implementation, first SGW 170-1, second SGW 170-2, andthird SGW 170-3 may be assigned a common loopback IP address (e.g.,address “1.1.1.1/32”). As further shown in FIG. 5, first SGW 170-1 mayadvertise, via network device 140-1 and to network device 140-4, thecommon loopback IP address, the physical interface IP address, and themetrics of first SGW 170-1, as indicated by reference number 540-1.Second SGW 170-2 may advertise, via network device 140-2 and to networkdevice 140-4, the common loopback IP address, the physical interface IPaddress, and the metrics of second SGW 170-2, as indicated by referencenumber 540-2. Third SGW 170-3 may advertise, via network device 140-3and to network device 140-4, the common loopback IP address, thephysical interface IP address, and the metrics of third SGW 170-3, asindicated by reference number 540-3. Network device 140-4 may receiveadvertisements 540-1, 540-2, and 540-3, and may populate route table 530with the information included in advertisements 540-1, 540-2, and 540-3.

UE 110 may generate a connection request 550 to connect to network 130(not shown), and may provide connection request 550 to network device140-4. Network device 140-4 may receive connection request 550, and maydetermine an optimal SGW 170 to which to route a communication sessionof UE 110 based on connection request 550 and based on the metricsprovided in route table 530. For example, assuming a lower metric valueindicates a more optimal SGW 170, network device 140-4 may determinethat SGW 170-1 (e.g., associated with the next hop of “192.168.1.1”),which has a metric value of one (1), is the optimal SGW 170 to which toroute the communication session of UE 110.

Based on the determination of the optimal SGW 170, network device 140-4may route the communication session of UE 110 to SGW 170-1, as indicatedby reference number 560. UE 110 may connect to SGW 170-1, and SGW 170-1may enable UE 110 to connect to network 130 and receive services 570from network 130. In one example, SGW 170-1 may serve as a routeddevice, rather than a host node, so that loopback may be achieved.

Although FIG. 5 shows example components of network portion 500, inother implementations, network portion 500 may include fewer components,different components, differently arranged components, or additionalcomponents than depicted in FIG. 5. Additionally, or alternatively, oneor more components of network portion 500 may perform one or more othertasks described as being performed by one or more other components ofnetwork portion 500.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of example PGW selection operations capable of beingperformed by still another example portion 600 of network 100 (FIG. 1).As shown, network portion 600 may include UE 110, network devices 140-1through 140-4, MME 150, a first PGW 160-1, a second PGW 160-2, a thirdPGW 160-3, and SGW 170. UE 110, network devices 140, MME 150, PGWs 160,and SGW 170 may include the features described above in connection with,for example, one or more of FIGS. 1-5.

As further shown in FIG. 6, first PGW 160-1 may be provided in a firstPGW pool 610-1 of multiple PGWs, and may include a physical interface IPaddress 620-1 (e.g., address “192.168.1.0”) established with networkdevice 140-1. Second PGW 160-2 may be provided in a second PGW pool610-2 of multiple PGWs, and may include a physical interface IP address620-2 (e.g., address “172.1.1.0”) established with network device 140-2.Third PGW 160-3 may be provided in a third PGW pool 610-3 of multiplePGWs, and may include a physical interface IP address 620-3 (e.g.,address “168.0.0.1”) established with network device 140-3. Physicalinterface IP addresses 620-1, 620-2, and 620-3 may be determined by thenetwork architecture and assigned by a network administrator.

Network device 140-4 may connect with UE 110, via eNB 120 (not shown),and may include a route table 630. Route table 630 may include a networkaddress field, a next hop field, and a metric field. The network addressfield may include entries for loopback IP addresses associated with PGWs160. The next hop field may include entries for physical interface IPaddresses associated with PGWs 160. The metric field may include entriesfor metrics assigned to PGWs 160 associated with the physical interfaceIP addresses identified in the next hop field. The metrics may beinfluenced by the loads placed on PGWs 160, distances to PGWs 160, costsof connecting to PGWs 160, etc.

In one example implementation, first PGW 160-1, second PGW 160-2, andthird PGW 160-3 may be assigned a common loopback IP address (e.g.,address “1.1.1.1/32”). As further shown in FIG. 6, first PGW 160-1 mayadvertise, via network device 140-1 and to network device 140-4, thecommon loopback IP address, the physical interface IP address, and themetrics of first PGW 160-1, as indicated by reference number 640-1.Second PGW 160-2 may advertise, via network device 140-2 and to networkdevice 140-4, the common loopback IP address, the physical interface IPaddress, and the metrics of second PGW 160-2, as indicated by referencenumber 640-2. Third PGW 160-3 may advertise, via network device 140-3and to network device 140-4, the common loopback IP address, thephysical interface IP address, and the metrics of third PGW 160-3, asindicated by reference number 640-3. Network device 140-4 may receiveadvertisements 640-1, 640-2, and 640-3, and may populate route table 630with the information included in advertisements 640-1, 640-2, and 640-3.

UE 110 may generate a connection request 650 to connect to network 130(not shown), and may provide connection request 650 to network device140-4. Network device 140-4 may receive connection request 650, and maydetermine an optimal PGW 160 to which to route a communication sessionof UE 110 based on connection request 650 and based on the metricsprovided in route table 630. For example, assuming a lower metric valueindicates a more optimal PGW 160, network device 140-4 may determinethat PGW 160-1 (e.g., associated with the next hop of “192.168.1.1”),which has a metric value of one (1), is the optimal PGW 160 to which toroute the communication session of UE 110.

Based on the determination of the optimal PGW 160, network device 140-4may route the communication session of UE 110 to PGW 160-1, as indicatedby reference number 660. UE 110 may connect to PGW 160-1, and PGW 160-1may enable UE 110 to connect to network 130 and receive services 670from network 130. In one example, PGW 160-1 may serve as a routeddevice, rather than a host node, so that loopback may be achieved.

In one example, implementations described herein may assign a commonloopback IP address to all network nodes that can be grouped by TACs ofa network, along with the physical interface IP addresses. All networknodes associated with a group of TACs may be assigned the same loopbackIP address. For example, if particular network nodes are associated withparticular TACs, the particular network nodes may have the same loopbackIP address and subnet mask. Implementations described herein may utilizethe best metric to determine to which network node, in a group ofnetwork nodes, to forward UE 110. The group of network nodes may be ableto modify their associated metrics by incorporating load and otherfactors that optimize network node selection into the metrics.

In the implementations depicted in FIGS. 4-6, pools (e.g., MME pools,SGW pools, and SGW pools) may be established and may enable the networknodes (e.g., MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs) in the pools to share stateinformation in order to improve load balancing and availability. Networknodes in a pool may use a multicast approach to share the stateinformation associated with a subscriber (e.g., UE 110) connection inorder to avoid requiring a reconnect.

In the implementations depicted in FIGS. 4-6, the network nodes mayassign appropriate values in the metric field during route advertisementto incorporate load and other factors that influence optimal networknode selection. In the event of a network node failure, route updatesmay cease and a route may be retracted for the failed network node sothat automatic failure detection and recovery may be provided withinseconds. If a new network node is added to network 130, a central datastorage device may not be updated with information about the new networknode. Rather, network 130 may automatically discover the new networknode and may begin receiving subscriber traffic since the routingprotocol may automatically recognize the new network node and routes maybe advertised. This may reduce the latency involved in identifying thenew network node since an IP address of the new network node may beautomatically provisioned in the route tables and UE 110 or eNB 120 maypoint to the loopback IP address.

Although FIG. 6 shows example components of network portion 600, inother implementations, network portion 600 may include fewer components,different components, differently arranged components, or additionalcomponents than depicted in FIG. 6. Additionally, or alternatively, oneor more components of network portion 600 may perform one or more othertasks described as being performed by one or more other components ofnetwork portion 600.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example deployment scenario 700 according toan implementation described herein. As shown, scenario 700 may includefour tracking area codes (TACs) 710-A, 710-B, 710-C, and 710-D(collectively referred to herein as “TACs 710,” and, in some instances,singularly as “TAC 710”) and six zones 720-1 through 720-6 (collectivelyreferred to herein as “zones 720,” and, in some instances, singularly as“zone 720”). Each TAC 710 may include one or more UEs 110 and eNBs 120.Each zone 720 may include MME 150, PGW 160, and SGW 170. UEs 110, eNBs120, MMEs 150, PGWs 160, and SGWs 170 may include the features describedabove in connection with, for example, one or more of FIGS. 1-6.

As further shown in FIG. 7, eNBs 120 may interconnect with networks 730.Network 730 may include a LAN, a WAN, a MAN, a telephone network, suchas the PSTN, an intranet, the Internet, an optical fiber (or fiberoptic)-based network, or a combination of networks.

In one example, zones 720-1 and 720-5 may service TACs 710-A and 710-C.Zones 720-2 and 720-3 may service TACs 710-A and 710-B. Zone 720-4 mayservice TACs 710-B and 710-D. Zone 720-6 may service TACs 710-A, 710-C,and 710-D. TAC 710-A may be associated with a loopback IP address of“1.1.1.1/32”; TAC 710-B may be associated with a loopback IP address of“1.1.1.2/32”; TAC 710-C may be associated with a loopback IP address of“1.1.1.3/32”; and TAC 710-D may be associated with a loopback IP addressof “1.1.1.4/32.”

Based on this example, SGW 170 located in zone 720-1 may service TAC710-A and 710-C and SGW 170 may be configured with two loopback IPaddresses: “1.1.1.1/32” and “1.1.1.3/32.” All other zones 720 thatcontain a SGW 170 may be configured accordingly with the loopback IPaddresses as specified in the example. If a particular eNB 120 in TAC710-A is searching for a SGW 170, the particular eNB 120 may attempt toconnect with a SGW 170 via loopback IP address “1.1.1.1/32.” Thecandidate SGWs 170 that may serve the particular eNB 120 may includeSGWs 170 associated with loopback IP address “1.1.1.1/32,” which mayinclude SGWs 170 provided in zones 720-1, 720-2, 720-3, 720-5, and720-6, as specified in the example. An internal routing protocol maycontrol an actual route to an optimal SGW 170 by automaticallyconfiguring and load balancing to the optimal SGW 170 based on metrics.

Although FIG. 7 shows example components of scenario 700, in otherimplementations, scenario 700 may include fewer components, differentcomponents, differently arranged components, or additional componentsthan depicted in FIG. 7. Additionally, or alternatively, one or morecomponents of scenario 700 may perform one or more other tasks describedas being performed by one or more other components of scenario 700.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of example MME metric computations capable of beingperformed by a further example portion 800 of network 100 (FIG. 1). Asshown, network portion 800 may include eNB 120, network devices 140-1through 140-4, first MME 150-1, second MME 150-2, and third MME 150-3.eNB 120, network devices 140, and MMEs 150 may include the featuresdescribed above in connection with, for example, one or more of FIGS.1-7.

As further shown in FIG. 8, first MME 150-1 may compute key performanceindicators (KPIs) 810-1, such as an attach failure ratio, a handoverfailure ratio, latency, jitter, frame loss, bandwidth, a distance, acost, etc., as well as raw statistics that determine a load on first MME150-1. First MME 150-1 may utilize KPIs 810-1 and the raw statistics tocompute a metric value 840-1 associated with first MME 150-1, asindicated by reference number 820-1. A protocol process, such as an OSPFprocess 830-1, may receive metric value 840-1 and may advertise metricvalue 840-1 to network device 140-1.

Second MME 150-2 may compute KPIs 810-2, such as an attach failureratio, a handover failure ratio, latency, jitter, frame loss, bandwidth,a distance, a cost, etc., as well as raw statistics that determine aload on second MME 150-2. Second MME 150-2 may utilize KPIs 810-2 andthe raw statistics to compute a metric value 840-2 associated withsecond MME 150-2, as indicated by reference number 820-2. A protocolprocess, such as an OSPF process 830-2, may receive metric value 840-2and may advertise metric value 840-2 to network device 140-2.

Third MME 150-3 may compute KPIs 810-3, such as an attach failure ratio,a handover failure ratio, latency, jitter, frame loss, bandwidth, adistance, a cost, etc., as well as raw statistics that determine a loadon third MME 150-3. Third MME 150-3 may utilize KPIs 810-3 and the rawstatistics to compute a metric value 840-3 associated with third MME150-3, as indicated by reference number 820-3. A protocol process, suchas an OSPF process 830-3, may receive metric value 840-3 and mayadvertise metric value 840-3 to network device 140-3.

An interior routing protocol may enable network devices 140 to providemetric values 840-1, 840-2, and 840-3 in a route table that may be usedto automatically route to an optimal MME 150 at any particular point intime. In one example implementation, the operations depicted in FIG. 8may be utilized for PGW 160 and/or SGW 170 selection and routing.

Although FIG. 8 shows example components of network portion 800, inother implementations, network portion 800 may include fewer components,different components, differently arranged components, or additionalcomponents than depicted in FIG. 8. Additionally, or alternatively, oneor more components of network portion 800 may perform one or more othertasks described as being performed by one or more other components ofnetwork portion 800.

FIGS. 9-11 are flow charts of an example process 900 for performingoptimized network node selection according to an implementationdescribed herein. In one implementation, process 900 may be performed byone or more network devices 140. Alternatively, or additionally, some orall of process 900 may be performed by another device or group ofdevices, including or excluding one or more network devices 140.

As shown in FIG. 9, process 900 may include receiving a request toconnect to a network from a UE (block 910), and receiving advertised IPaddresses and metrics associated with network nodes (block 920). Forexample, in an implementation described above in connection with FIG. 4,first MME 150-1, second MME 150-2, and third MME 150-3 may be assigned acommon loopback IP address (e.g., address “1.1.1.1/32”). First MME 150-1may advertise, via network device 140-1 and to network device 140-4, thecommon loopback IP address, the physical interface IP address, and themetrics of first MME 150-1, as indicated by reference number 440-1.Second MME 150-2 may advertise, via network device 140-2 and to networkdevice 140-4, the common loopback IP address, the physical interface IPaddress, and the metrics of second MME 150-2, as indicated by referencenumber 440-2. Third MME 150-3 may advertise, via network device 140-3and to network device 140-4, the common loopback IP address, thephysical interface IP address, and the metrics of third MME 150-3, asindicated by reference number 440-3. Network device 140-4 may receiveadvertisements 440-1, 440-2, and 440-3. UE 110 may generate connectionrequest 450 to connect to network 130 (not shown), and may provideconnection request 450 to network device 140-4. Network device 140-4 mayreceive connection request 450.

As further shown in FIG. 9, process 900 may include providing theadvertised IP addresses and metrics in a route table (block 930), anddetermining a particular network node to which to forward the UE basedon the metrics provided in the route table (block 940). For example, inan implementation described above in connection with FIG. 4, networkdevice 140-4 may receive advertisements 440-1, 440-2, and 440-3, and maypopulate route table 430 with the information included in advertisements440-1, 440-2, and 440-3. Network device 140-4 may determine an optimalMME 150 to which to route a communication session of UE 110 based onconnection request 450 and based on the metrics provided in route table430. In one example, assuming a lower metric value indicates a moreoptimal MME 150, network device 140-4 may determine that MME 150-1(e.g., associated with the next hop of “192.168.1.1”), which has ametric value of one (1), is the optimal MME 150 to which to route thecommunication session of UE 110.

Returning to FIG. 9, process 900 may include routing the UE to theparticular network node, where the particular network node enables theUE to connect to the network (block 950). For example, in animplementation described above in connection with FIG. 4, based on thedetermination of the optimal MME 150, network device 140-4 may route thecommunication session of UE 110 to MME 150-1, as indicated by referencenumber 460. UE 110 may connect to MME 150-1, and MME 150-1 may enable UE110 to connect to network 130 and receive services 470 from network 130.In one example, MME 150-1 may serve as a routed device, rather than ahost node, so that loopback may be achieved.

Process block 940 may include the process blocks depicted in FIG. 10. Asshown in FIG. 10, process block 940 may include determining loadsassociated with the network nodes (block 1000), determining distancesassociated with the network nodes (block 1010), and determining costsassociated with the network nodes (block 1020). For example, in animplementation described above in connection with FIG. 4, network device140-4 may include route table 430. Route table 430 may include a networkaddress field, a next hop field, and a metric field. The network addressfield may include entries for loopback IP addresses associated with MMEs150. The next hop field may include entries for physical interface IPaddresses associated with MMEs 150. The metric field may include entriesfor metrics assigned to MMEs 150 associated with the physical interfaceIP addresses identified in the next hop field. The metrics may beinfluenced by the loads placed on MMEs 150, distances to MMEs 150, costsof connecting to MMEs 150, etc.

As further shown in FIG. 10, process block 940 may include calculatingmetrics for the network nodes based on the loads, the distances, and thecosts (block 1030), providing the calculated metrics to the route table(block 1040), and selecting the particular network node based on thecalculated metrics provided in the route table (block 1050). Forexample, in an implementation described above in connection with FIG. 8,first MME 150-1 may compute KPIs 810-1, such as an attach failure ratio,a handover failure ratio, latency, jitter, frame loss, bandwidth, adistance, a cost, etc., as well as raw statistics that determine a loadon first MME 150-1. First MME 150-1 may utilize KPIs 810-1 and the rawstatistics to compute metric value 840-1 associated with first MME150-1, as indicated by reference number 820-1. A protocol process, suchas OSPF process 830-1, may receive metric value 840-1 and may advertisemetric value 840-1 to network device 140-1. An interior routing protocolmay enable network devices 140 to provide metric values 840-1, 840-2,and 840-3 in a route table that may be used to automatically route to anoptimal MME 150 at any particular point in time.

Process block 1000 may include the process blocks depicted in FIG. 11.As shown in FIG. 11, process block 1000 may include receiving the loadsassociated with the network nodes based on key performance indicatorscalculated by the network nodes (block 1100), and receiving the loadsassociated with the network nodes based on raw load statisticscalculated by the network nodes (block 1110). For example, in animplementation described above in connection with FIG. 8, first MME150-1 may compute KPIs 810-1, such as an attach failure ratio, ahandover failure ratio, latency, jitter, frame loss, bandwidth, adistance, a cost, etc., as well as raw statistics that determine a loadon first MME 150-1. First MME 150-1 may utilize KPIs 810-1 and the rawstatistics to compute metric value 840-1 associated with first MME150-1, as indicated by reference number 820-1. A protocol process, suchas OSPF process 830-1, may receive metric value 840-1 and may advertisemetric value 840-1 to network device 140-1.

Systems and/or methods described herein may provide for optimizedselection of network nodes, such as LTE network nodes (e.g., a MME, aSGW, a PGW, etc.), using an integrated control and data plane approach.The systems and/or methods may leverage features in routing protocols,such as the OSPF protocol, the IS-IS protocol, and the EIGRP, thatperform longest prefix matching and metrics to select optimal routes.Furthermore, the systems and/or methods may eliminate long latencies inthe event of network node failures, may eliminate unequal load onnetwork nodes, and may eliminate complex mappings and manualconfigurations. The systems and/or methods may automatically loadbalance among a pool of network nodes by incorporating factors relatedto load in routing metrics.

The foregoing description of implementations provides illustration anddescription, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theimplementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications andvariations are possible in light of the above teachings or may beacquired from practice of the implementations.

For example, while series of blocks have been described with regard toFIGS. 9-11, the order of the blocks may be modified in otherimplementations. Further, non-dependent blocks may be performed inparallel.

It will be apparent that example aspects, as described above, may beimplemented in many different forms of software, firmware, and hardwarein the implementations illustrated in the figures. The actual softwarecode or specialized control hardware used to implement these aspectsshould not be construed as limiting. Thus, the operation and behavior ofthe aspects were described without reference to the specific softwarecode--it being understood that software and control hardware could bedesigned to implement the aspects based on the description herein.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are notintended to limit the disclosure of the invention. In fact, many ofthese features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependentclaim listed below may directly depend on only one other claim, thedisclosure of the invention includes each dependent claim in combinationwith every other claim in the claim set.

No element, act, or instruction used in the present application shouldbe construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitlydescribed as such. Also, as used herein, the article “a” is intended toinclude one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the term“one” or similar language is used. Further, the phrase “based on” isintended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly statedotherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a device, acommon loopback Internet protocol (IP) address, physical interface IPaddresses, and metrics associated with network nodes of a network;storing, by the device, the common loopback IP address, the physicalinterface IP addresses, and the metrics in a route table; receiving, bythe device and from a user equipment, a request to connect to thenetwork; determining, by the device, a particular network node to whichto forward a communication session of the user equipment, based on therequest and based on the metrics stored in the route table; and routing,by the device, the communication session of the user equipment to theparticular network node, where the particular network node enables theuser equipment to connect to the network.
 2. The method of claim 1,where the network nodes include long term evolution (LTE) network nodes.3. The method of claim 2, where each of the LTE network nodes includesone of: a mobility management entity (MME), a serving gateway (SGW), ora packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW).
 4. The method of claim 1,where the metrics include information associated with one or more of:loads placed on the network nodes, distances associated with the networknodes, and costs associated with the network nodes.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, where determining the particular network node furthercomprises: determining loads associated with the network nodes;determining distances associated with the network nodes; determiningcosts associated with the network nodes; calculating the metrics for thenetwork nodes based on the loads, the distances, and the costs; storingthe calculated metrics to the route table; and selecting the particularnetwork node based on the calculated metrics stored in the route table.6. The method of claim 5, where determining the loads associated withthe network nodes further comprises: receiving loads associated with thenetwork nodes based on key performance indicators calculated by thenetwork nodes; and receiving loads associated with the network nodesbased on raw statistics calculated by the network nodes.
 7. A device,comprising: a memory to store a route table; and a processor to: receiveInternet protocol (IP) addresses and metrics associated with networknodes of a network, store the IP addresses and the metrics in the routetable, receive, from a user equipment, a request to connect to thenetwork, determine a particular network node, of the network nodes, towhich to forward a communication session of the user equipment, based onthe request and based on the metrics stored in the route table, andforward the communication session of the user equipment to theparticular network node, where the particular network node enables theuser equipment to connect to the network.
 8. The device of claim 7,where the device comprises a network device provided in a long termevolution (LTE) network.
 9. The device of claim 7, where the networknodes include long term evolution (LTE) network nodes.
 10. The device ofclaim 9, where each of the LTE network nodes includes one of: a mobilitymanagement entity (MME), a serving gateway (SGW), or a packet datanetwork (PDN) gateway (PGW).
 11. The device of claim 7, where themetrics include information associated with one or more of: loads placedon the network nodes, distances associated with the network nodes, andcosts associated with the network nodes.
 12. The device of claim 7,where, when determining the particular network node, the processor isfurther to: select, as the particular network node, one of the networknodes with a load that is smaller than loads placed on the other networknodes.
 13. The device of claim 7, where, when determining the particularnetwork node, the processor is further to: determine loads associatedwith the network nodes, determine distances associated with the networknodes, determine costs associated with the network nodes, calculate themetrics for the network nodes based on the loads, the distances, and thecosts, store the calculated metrics to the route table, and select theparticular network node based on the calculated metrics stored in theroute table.
 14. The device of claim 13, where, when determining theloads associated with the network nodes, the processor is further to:receive loads associated with the network nodes based on key performanceindicators calculated by the network nodes, and receive loads associatedwith the network nodes based on raw statistics calculated by the networknodes.
 15. A computer-readable medium, comprising: one or moreinstructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:receive a common loopback Internet protocol (IP) address, physicalinterface IP addresses, and metrics associated with network nodes of anetwork, store the common loopback IP address, the physical interface IPaddresses, and the metrics in a route table, receive, from a userequipment, a request to connect to the network, determine a particularnetwork node to which to forward a communication session of the userequipment, based on the request and based on the metrics stored in theroute table, and route the communication session of the user equipmentto the particular network node, where the particular network nodeenables the user equipment to connect to the network.
 16. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 15, where the network nodes includelong term evolution (LTE) network nodes.
 17. The computer-readablemedium of claim 16, where each of the LTE network nodes includes one of:a mobility management entity (MME), a serving gateway (SGW), or a packetdata network (PDN) gateway (PGW).
 18. The computer-readable medium ofclaim 15, where the metrics include information associated with one ormore of: loads placed on the network nodes, distances associated withthe network nodes, and costs associated with the network nodes.
 19. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 15, further comprising: one or moreinstructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processorto: determine loads associated with the network nodes, determinedistances associated with the network nodes, determine costs associatedwith the network nodes, calculate the metrics for the network nodesbased on the loads, the distances, and the costs, store the calculatedmetrics to the route table, and select the particular network node basedon the calculated metrics stored in the route table.
 20. Thecomputer-readable medium of claim 19, where the loads associated withthe network nodes are determined based on key performance indicators andraw statistics calculated by the network nodes.